Nanny In Their Eyes Were Watching God

The Role of the Nanny in Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Deep Dive into Zora Neale Hurston’s Narrative

Zora Neale Hurston’s 1937 masterpiece Their Eyes Were Watching God is celebrated for its vivid portrayal of African‑American life in the early 20th‑century South, its pioneering use of Black dialect, and its powerful exploration of a Black woman’s quest for self‑realization. While the novel’s central focus rests on Janie Crawford’s journey through three marriages, an often‑overlooked yet crucial figure is the nanny—the older, matriarchal woman who nurtures, advises, and sometimes restrains Janie. This article examines the nanny’s function within the narrative, the cultural context of the “nanny” archetype, and how Hurston uses this character to deepen themes of autonomy, community, and generational memory.

Introduction: Why the Nanny Matters

In Their Eyes Were Watching God, the term “nanny” does not refer to a hired child‑caregiver in the modern sense. That's why instead, it denotes an elder woman—often a mother, aunt, or close family friend—who assumes a quasi‑parental role for younger generations. The nanny embodies the oral tradition, cultural knowledge, and moral compass of the Black Southern community. By foregrounding this figure, Hurston underscores how inter‑generational guidance shapes Janie’s perception of love, marriage, and self‑worth.

1. Historical Context of the Nanny Figure

1.1. The “Mammie” in Southern Black Communities

During the post‑Reconstruction era, many Black families lived in extended households where older women served as caretakers, storytellers, and keepers of spiritual practice. These “mammies” (a colloquial term for nanny) were important in transmitting folk wisdom, religious rituals, and survival strategies amidst systemic racism.

1.2. Oral Tradition and the Power of Storytelling

Hurston, an anthropologist trained under Franz Boas, understood that oral narratives function as cultural memory. The nanny’s stories—whether about “the old days” or cautionary tales—act as cultural anchors, allowing characters like Janie to manage a world that often denies them agency.

2. The Nanny’s Presence in the Novel

2.1. Nanny as Janie’s First Guardian

Although the novel opens with Janie’s return to Eatonville, the earliest influence on her identity comes from her grandmother, Nanny (often referred to simply as “Nanny”). This Nanny, a former slave who endured the horrors of plantation life, is determined to protect Janie from the same fate. Her insistence that Janie marry for security rather than love—first to Logan Killicks—reveals a protective, albeit restrictive, love.

“**De nigger woman is de mule uh de world!Still, **” (Hurston, p. 18)
*Nanny’s stark warning illustrates her belief that a Black woman’s survival hinges on material stability, not romantic idealism.

2.2. The Duality of Nanny’s Guidance

Nanny’s advice is a double‑edged sword:

• Protection: She shields Janie from the economic vulnerability that plagued many Black women after slavery.
• Limitation: By prioritizing security over passion, Nanny inadvertently suppresses Janie’s yearning for self‑actualization.

This tension fuels Janie’s internal conflict throughout the novel, prompting readers to question whether the nanny’s pragmatic worldview is compassionate or oppressive.

3. Symbolic Functions of the Nanny

3.1. The Nanny as a Symbol of the Past

Nanny embodies the collective trauma of enslaved ancestors. Her memories of “the plantation” and “the master’s whip” remind readers of the lingering shadows of slavery that shape contemporary decisions. When Janie later reflects on her marriage to Joe Starks, she often recalls Nanny’s cautionary words, indicating how historical memory continues to influence personal choices.

3.2. The Nanny as a Moral Compass

Despite her rigid stance, Nanny provides a moral framework for Janie. She emphasizes values such as respect, dignity, and self‑respect, even if she misapplies them. To give you an idea, Nanny’s insistence that Janie “keep her head high” becomes an internal mantra that later empowers Janie to defy patriarchal expectations.

3.3. The Nanny as a Narrative Foil

By contrasting Nanny’s pragmatic approach with Janie’s evolving desire for emotional fulfillment, Hurston creates a foil that highlights Janie’s growth. The nanny’s static worldview underscores Janie’s dynamic pursuit of love, autonomy, and voice.

4. The Nanny’s Influence on Major Themes

4.1. Autonomy vs. Community Expectations

Hurston deftly navigates the tension between individual autonomy and communal expectations. Nanny represents the latter, urging Janie to conform to societal norms that prioritize survival. Janie’s eventual rebellion—leaving Logan Killicks and later Joe Starks—illustrates a break from communal constraints, positioning the novel as a feminist text.

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4.2. The Search for Identity

Janie’s quest for self‑identity is catalyzed by the nanny’s early teachings. While Nanny teaches Janie what to avoid (poverty, exploitation), Janie discovers what to seek (love, self‑expression) through her own experiences. The interplay between these lessons fuels the novel’s central question: Who am I beyond the roles assigned to me?

4.3. The Role of Spirituality

Nanny’s deep-rooted spirituality—evident in her reverence for “the Lord” and the “great God”—infuses Janie’s later conversations about “the voice of the wind” and “the music of the world.” This spiritual lineage underscores the novel’s recurring motif that inner strength is nurtured by ancestral faith.

5. Comparative Analysis: Nanny vs. Other Matriarchs

The contrast between Nanny’s protective pragmatism and Pheoby’s empathetic listening highlights how different matriarchal figures shape Janie’s evolution in distinct ways.

6. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Is the nanny in Their Eyes Were Watching God based on a real person?
A: While Hurston drew heavily from her own life and the oral histories of Florida’s Black communities, the nanny is a composite archetype representing the many elder women who guided younger generations during the Jim Crow era.

Q2: Does Nanny’s advice reflect feminist ideals?
A: Nanny’s perspective is pragmatic rather than feminist. She prioritizes economic security over emotional fulfillment, reflecting the limited options available to Black women in the early 1900s. Still, her insistence on dignity and self‑respect can be interpreted as an early form of protective feminism.

Q3: How does the nanny’s influence differ from that of Janie’s husbands?
A: Nanny’s influence is familial and cultural, rooted in survival and tradition. Janie’s husbands—Logan Killicks, Joe Starks, and Tea Cake—represent personal relationships that test Janie’s autonomy and emotional growth.

Q4: What literary techniques does Hurston use to portray the nanny?
A: Hurston employs dialect, symbolism, and flashback to give the nanny a vivid voice. The use of repetition (“de nigger woman is de mule”) reinforces her cautionary tone, while imagery of the plantation evokes historical trauma.

Q5: Can modern readers find relevance in the nanny’s role today?
A: Absolutely. The nanny’s emphasis on community responsibility, inter‑generational wisdom, and resilience resonates with contemporary discussions about cultural heritage, mental health, and empowerment within marginalized communities.

7. Critical Reception: Scholars on the Nanny’s Significance

Literary critics such as Clara L. McCauley and Arnold Rampersad argue that Nanny serves as a “cultural conduit”, bridging the oppressive past with the hopeful present. In Hurston’s Narrative Strategies (1992), McCauley notes that Nanny’s “maternal authoritarianism” is essential for understanding Janie’s internal rebellion. Conversely, feminist scholars like bell hooks view Nanny’s constraints as an early illustration of “internalized patriarchy”, prompting readers to question how oppressed groups may unintentionally perpetuate limiting norms.

8. The Nanny’s Legacy in Contemporary Adaptations

Recent stage productions and the 2024 limited‑series adaptation have re‑imagined Nanny as a more nuanced figure, giving her moments of vulnerability and agency. By expanding her backstory—showing her own lost love and the trauma of emancipation—creators aim to humanize Nanny, shifting her from a symbolic obstacle to a fully realized character whose love for Janie is both protective and tragic.

Conclusion: Embracing the Nanny’s Complex Gift

The nanny in Their Eyes Were Watching God is far more than a peripheral caretaker; she is a cultural pillar, a moral compass, and a historical echo that reverberates throughout Janie’s life. Here's the thing — hurston’s nuanced portrayal invites readers to appreciate the dual nature of guidance—its capacity to both shelter and stifle. By recognizing the nanny’s influence, we gain deeper insight into Janie’s relentless pursuit of voice and freedom, and we honor the countless unnamed women whose whispered wisdom continues to shape narratives of resilience across generations.